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World's first human / RSS feed hybrid celebrates 26th anniversary

Dan_Dare

By Dan_Dare
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Dan_Dare

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Scientists have reported that the first experimental hybrid between human physiology and a computerised system based on popular 'RSS feed' technology has continued to operate for another consecutive year. Codenamed 'Dante', the unique individual is frequently seen posting 'useful' information and/ or skanky bitches on popular internet forum http://www.n-europe.com/forum.

Although the experiment has been named an 'unrivaled' success by silicone valley researchers, prominent members of the team have expressed regrets in design choices that lead to an uncanny resemblance to actor Robert Patrick, best known for his role as the killer shapeshifting cyborg assassin the T-1000 in James Cameron's 1993 science fiction thriller Terminator 2: 'Judgment Day '

 

 

 

Happy Birthday to You", also known more simply as "Happy Birthday", is a song that is traditionally sung to celebrate the anniversary of a person's birth. According to the 1998 Guinness Book of World Records, "Happy Birthday to You" is the most recognized song in the English language, followed by "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" and "Auld Lang Syne".[1] The song's base lyrics have been translated into at least 18 languages.[2], p. 17

 

The melody of "Happy Birthday to You" comes from the song "Good Morning to All", which was written and composed by American sisters Patty Hill and Mildred J. Hill in 1893.[3] They were both kindergarten school teachers in Louisville, Kentucky, developing various teaching methods at what is now the Little Loomhouse.[2][4], pp. 4–15 The sisters created "Good Morning to All" as a song that would be easy to sing by young children.[2], p. 14 The combination of melody and lyrics in "Happy Birthday to You" first appeared in print in 1912, and probably existed even earlier.[2], pp. 31–32 None of these early appearances included credits or copyright notices. The Summy Company registered for copyright in 1935, crediting authors Preston Ware Orem and Mrs. R.R. Forman. In 1990, Warner Chappell purchased the company owning the copyright for U.S. $15 million, with the value of "Happy Birthday" estimated at U.S. $5 million.[5] Based on the 1935 copyright registration, Warner claims that U.S. copyright will not expire until 2030, and that unauthorized public performances of the song are technically illegal unless royalties are paid to it. In one specific instance in February 2010, these royalties were said[6] to amount to $700.

 

In European Union (EU) countries the copyright in the song will expire December 31, 2016.[7]

 

The actual U.S. copyright status of "Happy Birthday to You" began to draw more attention with the passage of the Copyright Term Extension Act in 1998. When the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft in 2003, Associate Justice Stephen Breyer specifically mentioned "Happy Birthday to You" in his dissenting opinion.[8] An American law professor who heavily researched the song has expressed strong doubts that it is still under copyright.[2]

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EEVILMURRAY Rookie

EEVILMURRAY

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Happy Birthday Dantemon!

Happy Birthday to You", also known more simply as "Happy Birthday", is a song that is traditionally sung to celebrate the anniversary of a person's birth. According to the 1998 Guinness Book of World Records, "Happy Birthday to You" is the most recognized song in the English language, followed by "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" and "Auld Lang Syne".[1] The song's base lyrics have been translated into at least 18 languages.[2], p. 17

 

The melody of "Happy Birthday to You" comes from the song "Good Morning to All", which was written and composed by American sisters Patty Hill and Mildred J. Hill in 1893.[3] They were both kindergarten school teachers in Louisville, Kentucky, developing various teaching methods at what is now the Little Loomhouse.[2][4], pp. 4–15 The sisters created "Good Morning to All" as a song that would be easy to sing by young children.[2], p. 14 The combination of melody and lyrics in "Happy Birthday to You" first appeared in print in 1912, and probably existed even earlier.[2], pp. 31–32 None of these early appearances included credits or copyright notices. The Summy Company registered for copyright in 1935, crediting authors Preston Ware Orem and Mrs. R.R. Forman. In 1990, Warner Chappell purchased the company owning the copyright for U.S. $15 million, with the value of "Happy Birthday" estimated at U.S. $5 million.[5] Based on the 1935 copyright registration, Warner claims that U.S. copyright will not expire until 2030, and that unauthorized public performances of the song are technically illegal unless royalties are paid to it. In one specific instance in February 2010, these royalties were said[6] to amount to $700.

 

In European Union (EU) countries the copyright in the song will expire December 31, 2016.[7]

 

The actual U.S. copyright status of "Happy Birthday to You" began to draw more attention with the passage of the Copyright Term Extension Act in 1998. When the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft in 2003, Associate Justice Stephen Breyer specifically mentioned "Happy Birthday to You" in his dissenting opinion.[8] An American law professor who heavily researched the song has expressed strong doubts that it is still under copyright.[2]

You must go down a storm at parties.

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Ashley Enthusiast

Ashley

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Today's Birthdays

theguyfromspark (29), Deltatri3 (28), Dante (26)

 

In probability theory, the birthday problem, or birthday paradox[1] pertains to the probability that in a set of randomly chosen people some pair of them will have the same birthday. In a group of at least 23 randomly chosen people, there is more than 50% probability that some pair of them will have the same birthday. Such a result is counter-intuitive to many.

 

For 57 or more people, the probability is more than 99%, and it reaches 100% when, ignoring leap-years, the number of people reaches 366 (by the pigeonhole principle). The mathematics behind this problem led to a well-known cryptographic attack called the birthday attack.

 

Calculating the probability

 

The problem is to compute the approximate probability that in a room of n people, at least two have the same birthday. For simplicity, disregard variations in the distribution, such as leap years, twins, seasonal or weekday variations, and assume that the 365 possible birthdays are equally likely. Real-life birthday distributions are not uniform since not all dates are equally likely.[3]

 

If P(A) is the probability of at least two people in the room having the same birthday, it may be simpler to calculate P(A'), the probability of there not being any two people having the same birthday. Then, because P(A) and P(A') are the only two possibilities and are also mutually exclusive, P(A') = 1 − P(A).

 

Knowing a priori that 23 is the number of people necessary to have a P(A) that is greater than 50%, the following calculation of P(A) will use 23 people as an example.

 

When events are independent of each other, the probability of all of the events occurring is equal to a product of the probabilities of each of the events occurring. Therefore, if P(A') can be described as 23 independent events, P(A') could be calculated as P(1) × P(2) × P(3) × ... × P(23).

 

The 23 independent events correspond to the 23 people, and can be defined in order. Each event can be defined as the corresponding person not sharing their birthday with any of the previously analyzed people. For event 1, there are no previously analyzed people. Therefore, the probability, P(1), that person number 1 does not share their birthday with previously analyzed people is 1, or 100%. Ignoring leap years for this analysis, the probability of 1 can also be written as 365/365, for reasons that will become clear below. For event 2, the only previously analyzed people are person 1. Assuming that birthdays are equally likely to happen on each of the 365 days of the year, the probability, P(2), that person 2 has a different birthday than person 1 is 364/365. This is because, if person 2 was born on any of the other 364 days of the year, people 1 and 2 will not share the same birthday.

 

Similarly, if person 3 is born on any of the 363 days of the year other than the birthdays of people 1 and 2, person 3 will not share their birthday. This makes the probability P(3) = 363/365.

 

This analysis continues until person 23 is reached, whose probability of not sharing their birthday with people analyzed before, P(23), is 343/365.

 

P(A') is equal to the product of these individual probabilities:

(1) P(A') = 365/365 × 364/365 × 363/365 × 362/365 × ... × 343/365

 

The terms of equation (1) can be collected to arrive at:

(2) P(A') = (1/365)23 × (365 × 364 × 363 × ... × 343)

 

To further simplify equation 2, note that, according to the definition of a factorial:

(3) 365! = 365 × 364 × 363 × ... × 343 × 342!.

 

Dividing both sides by 342! yields:

(4) 365!/342! = 365 × 364 × 363 × ... × 343

 

Substituting equation 4 into equation 2 yields:

(5) P(A') = 365!/342! × (1/365)23

 

Evaluating equation 5 gives P(A') = 0.49270276

 

Therefore, P(A) = 1 − 0.49270276 = 0.507297 (50.7297%)

 

This process can be generalized to a group of n people, where p(n) is the probability of at least two of the n people sharing a birthday. It is easier to first calculate the probability p(n) that all n birthdays are different. According to the pigeonhole principle, p(n) is zero when n > 365. When n ≤ 365:

 

 

where "!" is the factorial operator.

 

The equation expresses the fact that for no persons to share a birthday, a second person cannot have the same birthday as the first (364/365), the third cannot have the same birthday as the first two (363/365), and in general the nth birthday cannot be the same as any of the n − 1 preceding birthdays.

 

The event of at least two of the n persons having the same birthday is complementary to all n birthdays being different. Therefore, its probability p(n) is

 

 

The approximate probability that no two people share a birthday in a group of n people.

 

This probability surpasses 1/2 for n = 23 (with value about 50.7%). The following table shows the probability for some other values of n (This table ignores the existence of leap years, as described above):n p(n)

10 11.7%

20 41.1%

23 50.7%

30 70.6%

50 97.0%

57 99.0%

100 99.99997%

200 99.9999999999999999999999999998%

300 (100 − (6×10−80))%

350 (100 − (3×10−129))%

366 100%

 

enjoy_your_birthday_cake_card-p137966601282161568q6ay_400.jpg

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